মায়ের কাছে চিঠি
মাগো, তুমি কেমন আছো
খুব জানতে ইচ্ছে করে,
তুমার কথা পড়লে মনে
অশ্রু শুধু ঝড়ে।
কই হারালো মাগো তোমার
আদর মাখা ছোয়া,
মাথার উপর আজ হাতটি রেখে
কেউ করে না দোয়া।
দু:খে ভরা মনটা আমার
কাদছে বারে-বার,
এই পৃথিবীর চির দু:খী
মা নেইকো যার।
Important Literary Terms
Important Literary Terms
1. Allegory: An allegory is a story, poem, or picture that has a hidden meaning or moral lesson. Characters and events often represent abstract ideas or concepts.
2. Characterization: Characterization is the process of creating and developing characters in a story. It involves describing their traits, motivations, and personalities.
3. Couplet: A couplet is two lines of poetry that rhyme and often have the same meter. They are often used together to form a complete thought or idea.
4. Fable: A fable is a short story that teaches a moral lesson, usually involving animals that talk and act like humans.
5. Figurative language: Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. It includes metaphors, similes, and personification.
6. Genre: Genre refers to the category or type of literature, such as fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, or fantasy.
7. Humor: Humor is the quality of being amusing or funny. It can be used in literature to entertain, lighten the mood, or convey satire.
8. Irony: Irony is when the opposite of what is expected happens or is said, often for humorous or dramatic effect.
9. Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying one thing is another.
10. Myth: A myth is a traditional story that explains natural phenomena, customs, beliefs, or the origins of the world or people.
11. Mythology: Mythology is the collection of myths belonging to a particular culture or religion.
12. Narrative: A narrative is a story or account of events, experiences, or interactions.
13. Nonfiction: Nonfiction is literature that is based on facts, real events, and real people, rather than being fictional.
14. Rhyme scheme: Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem.
15. Satire: Satire is a literary technique that uses humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize or mock people, institutions, or society.
16. Satiric comedy: Satiric comedy is a type of comedy that uses satire to poke fun at or criticize society or individuals.
17. Setting: Setting is the time and place in which a story takes place.
18. Simile: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as."
19. Stanza: A stanza is a group of lines in a poem that form a unit, similar to a paragraph in prose.
20. Tone: Tone is the author's attitude or feelings toward the subject of the writing.
21. Tragedy: Tragedy is a genre of literature that deals with serious and somber themes, often involving the downfall of a noble character.
22. Plot: Plot is the sequence of events that make up a story, including the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
23. Riddle: A riddle is a question or statement that requires thought and creativity to solve, often with a clever or amusing answer.
24. Ballad: A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, often with a simple and repetitive structure, and often set to music.
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Class Nine: Literary Devices
Literary Devices
It Will be helpful for Activity 2.4.1
Some explanations are given below for better understanding the literature for the students.
1. Simile: A simile is a comparison between two things using the words "like" or "as."
For example, "Her smile was as bright as the sun."
2. Imagery: Imagery is when an author uses words to create vivid pictures or sensations in the reader's mind. It helps readers imagine what the author is describing.
For example, "The trees whispered in the wind" creates a visual and auditory image.
3. Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things by saying one thing is another. Unlike a simile, it doesn't use "like" or "as."
For example, "The world is a stage."
4. Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of neighboring words. It creates a musical or rhythmic effect in writing.
For example, "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."
5. Symbolism: Symbolism is when something, like an object, person, or idea, represents something else. It's often used to convey deeper meanings or themes.
For example, a dove is a symbol of peace.
6. Personification: Personification is when human characteristics are given to non-human things, like animals, objects, or ideas. It helps bring them to life in writing.
For example, "The wind whispered secrets through the trees."
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (The influence of women in our community)
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2
Topic: 6
The influence of women in our community
Fact based passage:
In the Bangladeshi community, women play a vital role that touches many parts of society, economy, and culture. While traditionally, Bangladeshi society has been seen as mostly run by men, the role of women has changed a lot over time.
At home, Bangladeshi women often take charge of family decisions and care for everyone's well-being, including education and healthcare. Even though there are old-fashioned ideas about what women should do, more and more women in Bangladesh are becoming important parts of family choices, challenging old ideas and making things more equal.
Education is an area where Bangladeshi women are really making a difference. More women are going to school now, which helps them get better jobs and have more say in things. This helps the whole community grow and get better.
In jobs, Bangladeshi women are working hard too. Many work in the garment industry, which is a big part of the country's economy. Also, more women are starting their own businesses and leading companies, which helps the economy grow and changes how women are seen at work.
Opinion based passage:
I agree that the influence of women in the Bangladeshi community is both deep and transformative. In Bangladeshi society, women have always been essential in shaping cultural, social, and economic aspects.
At home, Bangladeshi women are the foundation of the family, going beyond traditional roles to make important decisions, care for everyone, and strengthen family ties. Their resilience and strength are crucial for the unity and stability of Bangladeshi families.
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Relationship with my parents)
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2
Topic: 5
Relationship with my parents
Fact Based Passage:
The bond I share with my parents is built on love, respect, and our shared customs. We treasure our heritage and enjoy a warm family connection.
My parents are deeply involved in my education, providing support and motivation to succeed academically. In our family, there's a strong emphasis on doing well in school to ensure a promising future. Our relationship strikes a balance between nurturing my personal goals and meeting the expectations of society.
Opinion Based Passage:
The relationship between parents and their children is deeply personal and can bring up a mix of feelings. For me, my bond with my parents is all about love, trust, and their guidance.
I see my parents as mentors who have shaped who I am today. Their love and support have given me a sense of security and belonging. While open communication and respect are key to a healthy relationship, sometimes I feel overwhelmed by their expectations or criticisms.
I believe parents should continue to support and guide their children as they grow up. Their wisdom and life experience are valuable, and I appreciate their insights into life's challenges.
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Human Activities that affect the Environment)
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2
Topic: 4
Human Activities that affect the Environment
Fact Based passage:
Human activities have a big effect on the environment, causing lots of changes and challenges. Here are some facts about how human activities affect the environment:
- Cutting down forests for farming and cities destroys animals' homes, reduces the variety of living things, and adds to climate change by releasing carbon into the air.
- Factories and machines that burn fossil fuels or make chemicals let out harmful stuff that pollutes the air and water and makes climate change worse.
- Farming with lots of chemicals can make water and soil dirty and ruin them. Raising animals for food also makes a gas called methane that's not good for the air.
- Making cities bigger takes up lots of land and stuff, like trees and water. It also makes cities hotter than the areas around them.
- Making and throwing away trash can make land, air, and water dirty and make people sick. It also hurts the environment.
Opinion Based Passage:
Human activities and their impact on the environment are topics that bring up different opinions. Some people say we need to act right away to fix environmental problems, while others think the issues aren't as serious as some say.
People who care about the environment say human activities have really hurt it, like cutting down forests, making pollution, and changing habitats. They say we need to fix these problems fast to stop climate change, save animals, and make sure Earth can stay healthy for the future.
People who want to conserve the environment say we need to use less stuff, make less trash, and use cleaner energy. They think everyone, from individuals to big groups, needs to work together to protect the environment. They want rules and laws that stop bad things from happening and make it easier to do good stuff for the planet.
But, some people think we don't need to worry as much about the environment. They say technology and humans can figure out how to deal with problems. They don't think climate predictions are right, and they say it costs too much to make strict rules about the environment.
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Students' responsibility towards Community)
Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2
Topic 3
Students' responsibility towards Community
The responsibility of students towards their community is a topic that brings up different opinions. Some people think it's really important for students to get involved in their communities, while others wonder how much they should do.
People who support student involvement say it helps them learn to care about others and be good citizens. They think students should help out by volunteering, joining community projects, and working with local groups. Doing these things can help students understand what's going on in society and inspire them to make a difference.
Supporters also say that being involved in their communities helps students learn important skills like talking to people, working in teams, leading others, and solving problems. It also helps them see things from different perspectives and understand different cultures, which is important in today's world.
So, when students help out in their communities, it's not just good for the community itself, but it also helps students become better, caring leaders for the future.
On the other hand, some people believe that while it's nice for students to help out in their communities, it shouldn't be something they have to do as part of their education. They think students already have a lot of work to do, and adding more responsibilities could make it harder for them to do well in school.
