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Showing posts with label Determiners. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Determiners. Show all posts

Determiners

 Determiners

What are Determiners?

A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to specify quantity, possession, definiteness, or other information. Determiners help in making sentences more precise and meaningful.


Types of Determiners & Their Rules with Examples

1. Articles (a, an, the) – অনুচ্ছেদসূচক শব্দ

Rule 1: Use ‘a’ before consonant sounds.

Example:

  • He bought a pen. (সে একটি কলম কিনেছে।)
  • She is a university student. (সে একজন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ছাত্র।)

Rule 2: Use ‘an’ before vowel sounds.

Example:

  • He ate an apple. (সে একটি আপেল খেয়েছে।)
  • She is an honest girl. (সে একজন সৎ মেয়ে।)

Rule 3: Use ‘the’ for specific things.

Example:

  • The moon looks beautiful. (চাঁদ দেখতে সুন্দর।)
  • I saw the Taj Mahal. (আমি তাজমহল দেখেছি।)

2. Demonstratives (this, that, these, those) – নির্দেশসূচক শব্দ

Rule 1: Use ‘this’ and ‘these’ for things near the speaker.

Example:

  • This book is interesting. (এই বইটি আকর্ষণীয়।)
  • These flowers are beautiful. (এই ফুলগুলো সুন্দর।)

Rule 2: Use ‘that’ and ‘those’ for things far from the speaker.

Example:

  • That mountain is high. (ওই পাহাড়টি উঁচু।)
  • Those birds are flying. (ওই পাখিগুলো উড়ছে।)

3. Possessive Determiners (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) – অধিকারের নির্দেশক শব্দ

Rule: These determiners show ownership.

Example:

  • This is my book. (এটি আমার বই।)
  • That is his car. (ওটি তার গাড়ি।)
  • We love our country. (আমরা আমাদের দেশকে ভালোবাসি।)

4. Quantifiers (some, any, much, many, few, little, several, all) – পরিমাণ নির্দেশক শব্দ

Rule 1: Use ‘some’ in affirmative sentences.

Example:

  • I have some money. (আমার কিছু টাকা আছে।)
  • She bought some oranges. (সে কিছু কমলা কিনেছে।)

Rule 2: Use ‘any’ in negative and interrogative sentences.

Example:

  • I don’t have any sugar. (আমার কোনো চিনি নেই।)
  • Do you have any friends? (তোমার কোনো বন্ধু আছে?)

Rule 3: Use ‘much’ and ‘little’ for uncountable nouns.

Example:

  • He doesn’t have much time. (তার বেশি সময় নেই।)
  • I have little water left. (আমার সামান্য পানি অবশিষ্ট আছে।)

Rule 4: Use ‘many’ and ‘few’ for countable nouns.

Example:

  • She has many books. (তার অনেক বই আছে।)
  • There are few students in the class. (ক্লাসে খুব কম শিক্ষার্থী আছে।)

Rule 5: Use ‘several’ and ‘all’ for general quantities.

Example:

  • Several people attended the meeting. (অনেক লোক সভায় অংশ নিয়েছে।)
  • All students must take the exam. (সব শিক্ষার্থীকে পরীক্ষা দিতে হবে।)

5. Numbers (one, two, three, first, second, third) – সংখ্যা নির্দেশক শব্দ

Rule 1: Cardinal numbers (one, two, three) indicate quantity.

Example:

  • I have two brothers. (আমার দুই ভাই আছে।)
  • She bought three apples. (সে তিনটি আপেল কিনেছে।)

Rule 2: Ordinal numbers (first, second, third) indicate position or rank.

Example:

  • He finished in first place. (সে প্রথম স্থান অর্জন করেছে।)
  • This is the second time I met her. (এটি দ্বিতীয়বার আমি তার সঙ্গে দেখা করেছি।)

6. Distributive Determiners (each, every, either, neither) – বণ্টনসূচক শব্দ

Rule 1: Use ‘each’ for individual members of a group.

Example:

  • Each student must bring a pen. (প্রত্যেক শিক্ষার্থীকে একটি কলম আনতে হবে।)

Rule 2: Use ‘every’ for a whole group.

Example:

  • Every child needs love. (প্রত্যেক শিশুর ভালোবাসা দরকার।)

Rule 3: Use ‘either’ for one of two choices.

Example:

  • You can take either book. (তুমি যে কোনো একটি বই নিতে পারো।)

Rule 4: Use ‘neither’ to mean ‘not any of two’.

Example:

  • Neither answer is correct. (দুটির মধ্যে কোনোটিই সঠিক নয়।)

7. Interrogative Determiners (what, which, whose) – প্রশ্নসূচক শব্দ

Rule: These determiners ask questions about a noun.

Example:

  • What book do you like? (তুমি কোন বইটি পছন্দ করো?)
  • Which dress should I wear? (আমি কোন পোশাক পরব?)
  • Whose bag is this? (এটি কার ব্যাগ?)

Summary Table of Determiners

TypeExamplesUsage
Articlesa, an, theDefines nouns
Demonstrativesthis, that, these, thoseShows position
Possessivesmy, your, his, her, our, theirShows ownership
Quantifierssome, any, much, many, few, littleShows quantity
Numbersone, two, first, secondShows numbers & order
Distributiveseach, every, either, neitherDistributes items
Interrogativeswhat, which, whose

Asks questions