Transformation

 

Transformation of Sentences

Sentence †K `yB fv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

a) Transformation: A_©MZ cwieZ©b bv K‡i iƒcMZ cwieZ©b|

Ex:                   I am rich  à I am not poor.

b) Conversion: iƒcMZ I A_©MZ Dfq cwieZ©b |

Ex:                   I am rich à   I am not rich.

Affirmative To Negative

Affirmative	Negative	Affirmative	Negative
Only/alone (e¨w³)	None but	All	No
Only/alone (e¯‘)	Nothing but	Always	Never
Only (msL¨v)	Not more than/ not less than	Too-- to	So—that
Have to/has to/need to/needed to/must	Cannot but/can not help + verb (ing)	As--as	Not less—than
As soon as	No sooner had--than	Both--and	Not only—But also
Every	There is no--- but--	A little	Not much
Sometimes	Not always	much	Not little
A few	Not many	many	Not a few

 

1. Only/alone hw` Allah/ e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i cwie‡Z© ïi“‡Z "None but" e‡m|

Ex:       Aff: Only Allah can help us.   

Neg: None but Allah can help us.

 Aff: Only he can do the work.  

Neg:   None but he can do the work.

 

2. Only/alone hw` e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i cwie‡Z© "Nothing but" e‡m|

Ex:       Aff: A child likes only sweets.                          

Neg: A child likes nothing but sweets.

Aff: Only wealth can save him now.      

Neg: Nothing but wealth can save him now.

3. Only hw` msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i cwie‡Z© "not more than/not less than" e‡m|

Ex:          Aff: He is only ten.                         Neg: He is not more than/not less than ten.

Aff: He is only twelve years old.    

Neg: He is not more than/ not less than twelve years old.

4. Affirmative Sentence G must / have to _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© can not but/ can not help e‡m| hw` can not help Gi c‡i †h Verb _‡K Zvi mv‡_ ing  †hvM Ki‡Z nq|

Ex:       Aff: He must go there.       Neg: He can not help but go there.

                              Or, He can not help going there.

Aff: You must obey your parents.   Neg: You can not but obey your parents.

                         Or, You can not help obeying your parents.

5. Both--and Or and  hy³ †Kvb Affermative sentence †K Neg. Ki‡Z n‡j DËi ev‡K¨i  KL‡bv ïi“‡Z Avevi KL‡bv gv‡S not only--- but also nq |

Ex: Aff: Both Mahin and Munir were good friends.  

Neg: Not only Mahin but also Munir were good friends.

Aff: He took coffee and ice-cream.                 Neg: He took not only coffee but also ice-cream.

6. Every _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© ---      There is no e‡m + Every Gi c‡ii kã + but + Sentence Gi evwK Ask|

  Or, There is no + every Gi c‡ii kã + Who + does not + evKx Ask |

Ex:          Aff: Everyone hates a liar.                Neg: There is no one but hates a liar.

Aff: Every mother loves her child.   Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

7. As soon as _vK‡jt   No sooner had + Subject+ P.V Gi P.P + Ext. + than + 2nd  evK¨.

Ex:          Aff: As soon as the thief saw the polic, he ran away. 

Neg:  No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.

            Aff: As soon as he heard the news, he burst into tears.   

Neg: No sooner had he heard the news than he burst into tears.

8. Always _vK‡j Negative Ki‡Z always Gi cwie‡Z© Never e‡m|I Affermative kãwUi wecixZ kã e‡m|

Ex: Aff:  I always agreed with him.                 Neg: I never disagreed with him.

Aff: Mahin was always punctual.   Neg: Mahin was never late.

9. Too---to hy³ Affirmative †K Neg:

Subject + Verb + too Gi ¯’‡j so + adj/adverb + that + 1st Sub + can not/ could not + to Gi c‡ii Ask|

Ex:          Aff: He is too weak to walk.             Neg: He is so weak that he can not walk.

Aff: Mina was too poor to buy a chain.         

Neg: Mina was so poor that she could not buy a chain.

10. As---as hy³ _vK‡jt Degree Sheet Abymib Ki |

Ex:       Aff: Mahin was as wise as the Munir.            Neg: Mahin was not less wise than the Munir.

11. wPiš—b mZ¨ Affermative sentence †K †YM Ki‡Z n‡jt

A.V + n't +evwK Ask ?

A.V bv _vK‡jt

Don't/Doesn't/Did'tn't + Subject + Verb + evwK Ask ?

Ex:          Aff: Health is wealth.            Neg: Isn’t health is wealth?

Aff: The sun sets in the west.               Neg:  Doesn’t the sun set in the west?

12. Affermative G Sometimes _vK‡j Neg G---   Subject + A.V + not + always + evwK Ask|

Ex: Aff: My friend sometimes visits me.        Neg: My friend doesn’t always visit me.

Aff: A day labourer is sometimes happy.        Neg: A day labourer is not always happy.

 

 

13. Many _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j not a few  e‡m|

Ex:       Aff: There are many students in the class.  

            Neg: There are not a few students in the class.

14. A few _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j not many  e‡m|

Ex:       Aff: I have a few friends.           Neg: I have not many friends.

15. A little _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j not much  e‡m|

Ex:       Aff:   I have a little rice.                        Neg: I have not much rice.  

16. Much _vK‡j Zvi ¯’‡j not a little  e‡m|

Ex:          Aff: He has much money.                  Neg: He has not a little money.

 

Negative to Affermative

wecixZ wbqg n‡e|

 

Some important Antonyms

Word	evsjv A_©	Antonym	evsjv A_©
Able	m¶g	Unable	A¶g
Active	Kg©V	Inactive	AKg©V
Absent	Abycw¯’Z	Present	Dcw¯’Z
Agree	ivRx nIqv	Disagree	wØgZ nIqv/ ivRx bv nIqv
Arrive	†cŠQv‡bv	Depart
Bright	D¾¡j	Dark	AÜKvi
Correct	mwVK	Incorrect	fzj
Doubtful	m‡›`n	Sure	wbwðZ
Equal	mgvb	In equal/ Unequal	Amgvb
Love	fvjevmv/ cQ›` Kiv	Hate	N„Yv Kiv/ AcQ›` Kiv
Moral	ˆbwZK	immoral	A‰bwZK
Obey	gvb¨ Kiv	Disobey	Agvb¨ Kiv
Ordinary	mvaviY	Extraordinary	AmvaviY
Pleasant	g‡bvig	Unpleasant
Present	Dcw¯’Z	Absent	Abycw¯’Z
Rise	DVv	Fall	c‡o hvIqv
Responsible	`vwqZ¡	Irresponsible	`vwqZ¡nxb
Rich	abx	Poor	Mixe
Right	mwVK	Wrong	fzj
Sincere	Avš—wiK	insincere	Abvš—wiK
Top	Dci/ P‚ov/ kxl©	Bottom	Zj‡`k/ wbPz/ Zjv
Willing	B”QvK…Z	Unwilling	Awb”QvK…Z
Fact	mZ¨ NUbv	Fiction	wg_¨v Mí/Dcb¨vm
Fat	†gvUv	Thin	mi“/ wPKb
Friend	eÜy	Foe	kΓ
Good	fvj	Bad	g›`
Grateful	K…ZÁ	Ungrateful	AK…ZÁ
Honesty	mr	Dishonesty	Amr
Happy	myLx	Unhappy	AmyLx
Hard	KwVb	Easy	mnR
Import	Avg`vbx	Export	ißvwb
Kind	`qvjy	Unkind	wb`©q
Literate	wkw¶Z	illiterate	Awkw¶Z
Please	AbyMÖn Kiv	displease	wei³ nIqv ev Kiv
Possible	m¤¢e	impossible	Am¤¢e
Punctual	mgqwbô	Late	wej‡¤^
Regular	wbqwgZ	Irregular	AwbqwgZ
Real	ev¯Íe	Unreal	Aev¯Íe
Remember	¯§iY Kiv ev ivLv	forget	fz‡j hvIqv
Sorrow	`ytL	Joy	Avb›`
Solvent	`ªveK	insolvent	†`Iwjqv
Wise	weÁ	Fool/foolish/unwise	†evKv
Young	ZiyY	old	e„×
Quiet	kvš—/cÖkvš— / bgª	Restless	PZzi/ PÂj/ Aw¯’i
		Disquiet	[wWQ-KzqvBU] e¨vKzjZv/ Akvwš—
Poor	Mixe	Rich	abx
Right	mwVK / AwaKvi / Wvb	Wrong	fzj
		Left	evg
Complex	RwUj	Simple	mnR
Sincere	[wQb-wQqv-] LvuwU / cÖK…Z/ AKcU/ mij	Insincere	Amij/ AcÖK…Z
Synonym	mgv_©K kã	Antonym	wecixZ kã
Theoretical	[w_qv-‡iU-B-Kj] AvbygvwbK	Practical	ev¯—weK
Top	P‚ov	Bottom	bxP/ Zj‡`k
Transparent	¯^”Q	Opaque	[AD-‡cBK] A¯^”Q
Trust	wek¦vm Kiv/ Mw”QZ ivLv	Distrust	m‡›`n/ Avwek¦vm Kiv
Quick	`ª“Z/ kxNª	Slow	axi/ gš’i
Burn	R¡vjv‡bv	Extinguish	wbfv‡bv
Religious	[wi-wj-RvQ] avwg©K	Irreligious	Aavwg©K
Regular	wbqwgZ	Irregular	AwbqwgZ
Rise	DVv	Fall	cwZZ nIqv
Sharp	avivj	Blunt	†fvuZv
Encourage	DrmvwnZ Kiv	Discourage	wbi“rmvwnZ Kiv
Oppose	evav †`qv	Support	mg_©b Kiv
Simple	mnR	Difficult	RwUj/ KwVb
		Intricate	RwUj/ KwVb
Military	mvgwiK	Civil	f`ª/ AmvgwiK
Connect	ms‡hvM †`qv	Disconnect	wew”Qbœ Kiv
Import	Avg`vbx Kiv	Export	ißvbx/ ißvwb Kiv
Include	Aš—f©‚³ Kiv	Exclude	ev` †`qv
		Omit	Z¨vM Kiv/ eR©b Kiv
Inhale	k¦vm Uvbv	Exhale	k¦vm Z¨vM Kiv
Exterior	[GKQ-wUqv-wiqv-] evwn¨K/ ewnivMZ/ ewnt¯’	Interior	Af¨š—ixY / Aš—eZ©x
Join	†hvM `vb Kiv	Disjoin	wew”Qbœ Kiv
		Separate	c„_K Kiv/ wew”Qbœ Kiv/ Avjv`v Kiv
Mortal	bk¦i	Immortal	Awebk¦i
Movable	cwieZ©bkxj/ A¯’vei	Immovable	¯’vei/ Abo/ AcwieZ©bxq
Joy	Avb›`	Sorrow	`ytL
Moral	ˆbwZK	Immoral	A‰bwZK
Narrow	msKxY©/ AcÖk¯—	Broad	cÖk¯—/ we¯—xY©
		Wide	cÖk¯—/ we¯—xY©
Negative	bv-‡evaK	Positive	n¨vu m~PK/ abvÍK
Neither	`yB‡qi g‡a¨ GKwUI bv	Either	`yB‡qi g‡a¨ GKwU
Noble	gnr	Ignoble	Am¤§vbRbK
		Mean	bxPz (gb)
Obedient	eva¨	Disobedient	Aeva¨
Philanthropist	[wdj-A¨vb-_ªv-wcó] wek¦ †cÖwgK	Misanthropist	[wgm-A¨vb-_ªv-wcó] biwe‡Ølx/ gbyl¨ we‡Ølx
Plaintiff	[‡c­Bb-wUd] ev`x	Defendant	weev`x
Complainant	ev`x
Proficient	`¶/ weP¶b	Deficient	Afve wewkó/ Am¤c~Y©
Majority	msL¨v Mwiô	Minority	mbsL¨vjwNô
Material	Dcv`vb/ mvRmiÄvg	Immaterial	Aev¯—e/ ev‡R mvRmiÄvg
Decline	bZ †nvqv/cwinvi Kiv/ A¯^xKvi Kiv	Promote	DIbœwZ Kiv
Promotion	c‡`vbœwZ/ DbœwZ	Demotion	c`vebwZ
		Degradation	c`P¨ywZ/ Acgvb
Prosperity	mg„w×/ DbœwZ	Adversity	`y`©kv/ cÖwZK‚jZv
Pure	cweÎ/ weï×	Impure	AcweÎ/ weï×
Legitimate	[wj-wRU-BwgU] ˆea/ AvBb ¯§gZ	Illegitinate	[B-wjwRU-BwgU] A‰ea
Lend	avi †`qv	Borrow	avi Kiv
Liberty	¯^vaxbZv	Bondage	[eÛ-BR] `vmZ¡
Immaterial	Abvek¨K/ Aev¯—e/ ¸i“Z¡nxb	Spiritual	[w¯ci-B-Pzqvj] Ava¨vwZœK/
Maximum	m‡e©v”P	Minimum	me©wbæ
Mean	[wg-b] RNb¨/ bxPz/ Aag	Generous	D`vi/ `qvjy
Merit	[‡gi-BU] †hvM¨Zv	Demerit	†`vl/ Avciva/ AcKvi
Minor	P‡QvU/ mvgvb¨/ bvevjK	Major	¸i“Zi/ e„nËi
Success	mvdj¨	Failure	e¨_©Zv
Sufficient	ch©vß	Insufficient	Ach©vß
Superior	D”PZi/ DrK…ó	Inferior	wbK…óZi/ †MŠY
Sympathy	mnvbyf‚wZ	Antipathy	weZ…òv

 

 

Assertive to Interrogative

Can à Can’t	Areà Aren’t	Had à Hadn’t	Would à Wouldn’t	Nobody/ no one/none à Who
Could à Couldn’t	Wasà Wasn’t	Shallà Shan’t	Mustà Mustn’t	Everybody/ everyone/Allà Who
Mayà Mayn’t	WereàWeren’t	Willà Won’t	DareàDaren’t	Who
Amà Aren’t	HaveàHaven’t	Mightà Mightn’t	Neveràever	Nothing à anything
Isà Isn’t	HasàHasn’t	Should àShouldn’t	Noàany	Nothingà What (ev‡K¨i ïiy‡Z)

1. A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv K‡i mvnvh¨Kvix Verb hyL Assertive †K  Interrogative G iƒcvšÍi Kivi  mgq hw`   Sentence wU Affirmative nq Zvn‡j wb‡Pi wbqg n‡et

   Structure:    To be verb + n’t + subject + Ext ?

Ass. : He is absent from the meeting.              Int. : Isn’t he absent from the meeting?

Ass.: She was an intelligent girl.                      Int. : Wasn’t she an intelligent girl ?

   Negative – Assertive _vK‡j Affirmative -Interrogative n‡e|

     Ex: Ass. : He is not a good student.     Int. : Is he a good student?

2. A.V bv _vK‡jt

    Structure:  Do/ Does/ Did + not + Subject + Verb + Ext ?

     Ex. Ass: He writes a letter.                         Int. : Doesn’t he write a letter?

Ass. They play football.                     Int. Don’t they play football?

Ass: He bought a pen.                        Int. Don’t he buy a pen?

3. Assertive G Do not/ Does not/ Did not _vK‡j Not D‡V Interrogative n‡e|

      Ex: Ass: He does not work hard.                             Int. Does he work hard?

Ass. They do not take tea.                                 Int. Do they take tea?

4. Assertive G Never _vK‡j Ever n‡e  Ges Nothing _vK‡j anything n‡e|

       Ex. Ass. I never drink tea.                         Int. Do I ever drink tea?

Ass. We have nothing to do .            Int. Have we anything to do?

5. Everybody/Everyone/All †K Interrogative Kivi mgq wbqg n‡et

    Structure:  Who + don’t / doesn’t/ didn’t + Verb + Ext ?

       Ex: Ass.  Everybody wishes to be happy.       Int.  Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Ass. Everybody hates a liar.                     Int: Who doesn’t hate a liar?

Ass. All lives flowers?                         Int.  Who doesn’t love flowers?

 

6. Every + Noun hy³ Assertive †K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Interrogative Ki‡Z nqt  

    Structure:  Is there any + Noun + Who doesn’t + Verb + Ext ?

     Ex. Ass: Every man hates war.    

               Int. Is there any man who doesn’t hate war?

7. Nobody/ None/ No one †K Interrogative Kivi mgq wbqg n‡et

    Structure: Nobody/ None/ No one  ¯’‡j  Who + Ext ? 

8. There hy³ Assertive †K Interrogative Kivi mgq wbqg n‡et

     Structure:  There is no Gi ¯’‡j What/Who + Ext ?

     Ex.   Ass. There is no use of this law.      Int: What is the use of this law?

  Ass. There is no man happier than Mahin.   Int. Who is happier than Mahin?

Assertive to Imperative

1. n¨vu †evaK Assertive †K Imperative Kivi wbqgt

     Structure: Verb + Ext.  A_ev, Please/Kindly, + Verb + Ext .

      Ex: Ass: You should do the work.            Impera. Do the work.

                Ass. You write a letter.                      Imper: Please, write a letter.

2. bv †evaK Assertive †K Imperative Kivi wbqgt

    Structure:   Don’t + Verb + Ext .

    Ex: Ass: You do not run in the sun.            Imp: Don’t run in the sun.

                Ass: You should not go out.             Imp: Don’t go out.

3. Never hy³ Assertive †K Imperative Kivi wbqgt

    Structure: Never + Verb + Ext .

     Ex:             Ass. You should never tell a lie.       Imp: Never tell a lie.

4. 1^st  person, 3^rd person  hy³ Assertive †K Imperative Kivi wbqgt

    Structure: Let + Object + Verb + Ext.

     Ex: Ass: We should go out.  Imp: Let us go out.

Ass: He plays cricket.  Imp: Let him play cricket.

5. 1^st  person, 3^rd person  hy³ Assertive G Not _vK‡j Imperative Kivi wbqgt

     Structure:  Let + object + not + verb + Ext.

     Ex:    Ass: We do not like coffee.   Imp: Let us not like coffee.

Ass: He does not tell a lie.   Imp: Let him not tell a lie.

Imperative to Assertive

1.  Affirmative n‡j,

  You should + verb Gi Present iƒc.              A_ev

You are requested/told/advised/ordered +to + verb Gi present iƒc + obj.

   Ex: Imp.: Please, lend him your pen. Ass. : You are requested to lend him your pen.

       Imp. : Do it.                            Ass.: You are told to do it,         or, You should do it.

2. Negative  n‡j,

You should + not + verb Gi Present iƒc.       A_ev

    You are requested/told/advised/ordered + not + +to + verb Gi present iƒc + obj.

    Ex: Imp.: Never tell a lie.            Ass.: You should not tell a lie.  

Or,  You are advised not to tell a lie.

Assertive to Exclamatory

1. What/How  Øviv  Assertive †_‡K Exclamatory Ki‡Z nq|

     St: What ( a/an) /How  + Adj/Adv/ + Sub + Verb + Ext + !

Adjective Gi c~‡e© a/an _K‡j What +a/an Ges Adjective Gi c~‡e© a/an bv _vK‡j How  e‡m|

     Ex:  Ass.: He is a great fool.                       Excl.: What a fool he is!

Ass.: The garden is very beautiful.  Exc. : How beautiful the garden is!

Note: A‡bK mgq What (a/an) Gi cÖeZ©x Noun wU‡K qualify Kivi Rb¨ Adjective e‡m|

     Ex:   Ass.: It is a very beautiful bird.        Exc.: What a beautiful bird it is !

 Ass.: It is a very fine bird.                Exc.: What a fine bird it is!

2. Wish _vK‡j if/had/were/could/would that e‡m|

     Ex:    Ass.:  I wish I were a king.               Exc.: If I were a king !

     Ass.: I wish I had the wings of a bird.  

Exc.: If I had the wings of a bird!/  Had I the wings of a bird!

               Ass.: We wish we could do it in time.  

Exc.: If we could do it in time!/  Could we do it in time!

3. Assertive sentence G rejoice, regret BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Exclamatory Kivi mgq ïi“‡Z Hurrah! Alas! BZ¨vw` e‡m| 

       Ex: Ass.: I rejoice that my friend is coming.  

Exc.: Hurrah! My friend is coming.

Exclamatory to Assertive

1. What hy³ Exclamatory sentence †K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j,

     St:  Sub + Verb + (a/an) very/great + adjective + Ext.

     Ex: Exc.: What a fool you are!                      Ass.: You are a great fool.

2. How hy³ Exclamatory sentence †K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j,

     St:  Sub + verb + very/great + adj/ adverb + Ext.

     Ex: Exc.: How fine the picture is !   Ass.: The picture is very fine.

3. Hurrah hy³ Exclamatory sentence †K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j,

      St:     Hurrah Gi cwie‡Z© It is a matter of joy that + Ext.

      Ex: Exc.: Hurrah! We have won the game. 

Ass.: It is matter of joy that we have won the game.

4. Alas Øviv ïi“ n‡j,

       St:            Alas Gi ¯’‡j  It is matter of sorrow that + Ext.

       Ex: Exc.: Alas! I am undone.      Ass.: It is matter of sorrow that I am undone.

5. If Øviv ïi“ n‡j,

        St:           Sub + wish + if Gi c‡ii Ask |

        Ex:                Exc.: If I knew this before!               Ass.: I wish I knew this before.

6. Had Øviv ïi“ n‡j,

        St:           Sub + wish + sub + had + sub Gi c‡ii Ask.

        Ex:  Exc.: Had I the wings of a bird.    Ass.: I wish I had the wings of a bird.

7. Would that Øviv ïi“ n‡j,

        St:           Sub + wish + would that + had + sub Gi c‡ii Ask.

        Ex:  Exc.: Would that I were a millionaire!     Ass.: I wish I were a millionaire!