Pronoun
Referencing
|
GUv n‡”Q Noun-Pronoun agreement msµvš— cÖkœ| Pronoun ¯^fveZB Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq Ges
Aek¨B Zv Noun Gi
Number I
Person Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e| GQvovI ΓwUc~Y© e¨envi †hgb- he Gi ¯’v‡b she wKsev A¯có Pronoun †`qv _vK‡Z cv‡i| cix¶vq 5 wU fzj e¨envi †`qv
_vK‡e| Dˇi cy‡iv Aby‡”Q`wU ï× K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|
|
Noun Gi cwie‡Z© †h word e‡m Zv‡K Pronoun e‡j|
There are eight kinds
of pronoun. Ex:
1. Personal Pronoun- I
, we, you, he, she, it, they.
2. Demonestrative
Pronoun-This, that, these, those.
3. Relative Pronoun-
who, whose, whom, which, what, that.
4. Interrogative
Pronoun- Who, whose, whom, what.
5. Distributive
Pronoun- Each, Either, Neither.
6. Receprocal
Pronoun- Each other, One another.
7. Indefinite
Pronoun- any, one, anyone, some, someone, no one, anybody, somebody, nobody,
many, everyone, all.
8. Reflexive Pronoun –
myself, ourselves, Yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves.
1.Personal Pronoun: †h Pronoun †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cwie‡Z© e‡m, Zv‡K Personal Pronoun e‡j| †hgbt I, we, you, he, she , it, they
Personal Pronoun wZb
cÖKvi| †hgbt
a. Personal pronoun of the First
person:
†h K_v e‡j, Zv‡K First Person e‡j| I, we, me, us, my,
mine, our etc.
b. Personal pronoun of the Secound
person:
hv‡K m‡¤^vab K‡i e‡j, Zv‡K Secound Person
e‡j| You,
your, yours, etc.
c. Personal pronoun of the third
person:
hvi m‡¤^v‡Ü †Kvb K_v ejv nq, Zv‡K Third Person
e‡j| He
, she, it, its, him, her,hers, his, they, them, their, theirs etc.
Note: Number, Gender Ges Case †f`
K‡i Personal
Pronoun Gi AvKvi cwieZ©b nq, Zv wb‡P †`Iqv njt
First Person
|
Case
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
Nominative
|
I
|
We
|
|
Objective
|
Me
|
Us
|
|
Possessive
|
My, Mine
|
Our, Ours
|
Secound Person
|
Case
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
Nominative
|
Thou, you
|
You
|
|
Objective
|
Thee, you
|
You
|
|
Possessive
|
They, their,
your, yours
|
Your, yours
|
Third Person
|
Case
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
|
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Neture
|
All gender
|
|
Nominative
|
He
|
She
|
It
|
They
|
|
Objective
|
Him
|
Her
|
It
|
Them
|
|
Possessive
|
His
|
Her, Hers
|
Its
|
Their, Theirs
|
Personal Pronoun Gi e¨envi:
(i) Possessive
Case G
Personal Pronoun `yB ai‡bi i“c Av‡Q| †hgbt my-mine,
our-ours, thy-thine, your-yours, her-hers, their-theirs.
G‡`i g‡a¨ my, thy, your,
her, their mvaviYZ †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© Adjective Gi
gZ KvR K‡i| †hgbt This is my pen,
That in your book. ZvB G‡`i‡K Possessive Adjective e‡j|
(ii) mine, ours,
thine, yours, hers, theirs BZ¨vw` ¸‡jv G ai‡bi e¨envi nq
bv| ZvB G‡`i‡K
Possessive Pronoun e‡j| G‡`i g‡a¨ r Ges
s `y‡UvB
_vKvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv‡K Double
Possessive ejv nq| G¸‡jv "Of"
ev "Verb"
Gi c‡i e‡m| †hgbt
This pen is mine. That book is yours. This is a book of
mine
(iii) To be verb Gi Subject wn‡m‡e-
Ours
is tropical country. Yours is a cold country. Theirs is a big family.
(iv)
His
Dfq i“‡c e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt This is his book, This book is his.
(v) You, Yours -
Singular I
Plural Dfq
Number G e¨eüZ nq| Thou, thee, thy, thine BZ¨vw` ïay
KweZvq Ges cÖv_©bvq e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt He gave you a book, Thou art our father O'
God.
(vi) Person 231,
21 ev 31 _vK‡j Zv‡`i cwie‡Z© First person
Plural Pronoun n‡e| †hgbt You,
he and I have learnt our lessons. You and I have done our
duty. He and I must
improve our conduct.
(vi)
Person
23 _vK‡j Zv‡`i
cwie‡Z© Secound
person Plural Pronoun n‡e | †hgbt You and Rafi have done your
duty. You and he have not told me your names.
Use of IT
(i) Ro c`v_© eySv‡Z- It is a pen.
(ii) BZi ev wbb¥
†kªwYi cÖvYx eySv‡Z-
It is a cat.
(iii) †QvU wkïi cwie‡Z©- The baby is crying for its mother.
(iv) †Rvi †`qvi Rb¨- It is you who have stolen my watch. It is you who have broken the glass. It is the
book that I want.
(v)
mgq, `~iZ¡, IRb, AvenvIqv BZ¨vw` cÖKvk Ki‡Z to be verb Gi Subject wn‡m‡e- It is morning.
It is ten miles from here. It is very cold today. It seems to be hard.
(vi) ciewZ© Infinitive I Clause Gi
cwie‡Z©
Subject i“‡c-
It is easy to say.
(vii) c~e©ewZ© †Kv‡bv Clause ev Phrase Gi
fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z-
Health is wealth. Everybody knows it.
(viii)
ciewZ© †Kv‡bv Object Gi
cwie‡Z©-
I cannot support it.
(ix)
Impersonal verb Gi Subject wn‡m‡e- It has been
raining since morning. It rains, It is
five miniutes past six. It is lovely in the village in autumn. It is quarter to
seven now.
(x) Its ïay Possessive
Adjective i“‡c e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt Its body is soft.
2. Demonstrative
Pronoun: †h Pronoun
GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wbw`©ó K‡i eySvq, Zv‡K Demonstrative Pronoun e‡j|
†hgbt This is a book on the table. That is a book
on the table. These are books on the table. Those are books on the table.
Demonstrative
Pronoun Gi e¨envi:
i.
This, These, that, Those:
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
This
|
These
|
|
That
|
Those
|
|
One
|
Ones
|
a. wbKUewZ© Singular A‡_© This, `~iewZ©
ev
Singular A‡_©
That e‡m|
b. wbKUewZ© Plural A‡_© These,
`~iewZ© ev
Plural A‡_©
Those e‡m| G‡`i ci ev‡K¨i mvgÄm¨
†i‡L
Singular I Plural Noun e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq|†hgbt That is a book on
the table. This is a carom board. These are very nice book. Those are detective
books.
c. Noun Gi
cybive„wË Gov‡bvi Rb¨
that and those e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgbt
The climate of Comilla is
better than that of Dhaka.
The roads of Dhaka are wider
than those
of Sylhet.
d. †Kv‡bv Clause ev Sentence G
`ywU
Noun _vK‡j 2q wUi Rb¨ This, 1g wUi Rb¨ That e‡m|
†hgbt
Rahim and Karim are two friends; this
(Karim) is a footballer and that (Rahim) is a cricketer.
e. c~e©ewZ©
e³e¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
Present Tense G This Ges Past Tense G that e‡m| †hgbt You should go
there and this is urgently. He did the work and that was timely.
ii.
So: {Say, tell, think, her} + SO
Ex: I heard him say so. We think so. He does not tell so.
iii.
Such:
c~e©ewZ© †Kv‡bv Noun †K
wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
Singular I
Plural Dfq Number
G
Such e‡m| †hgbt He is my
teacher and as such I respect him.
iv. One/Ones: Noun Gi
cybive„wË Gov‡bvi Rb¨
one/Ones e‡m| †hgbt
This
is your bag, it is a good one.
The
books are not good , I want some good ones.
v.
The same:
I shall do the same as you do.
vi. None: None Dfq Number G
e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt
None were present. None is present. Z‡e, no + one = none
GB A‡_© eZ©gv‡b Singular
wn‡m‡e †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
3. Relative Pronoun: Re k‡ãi A_© †cQb ev
c~e© ev cybivq, Lative
k‡ãi A_© m¤cK© | myZivs †h Pronoun c~e©eZ©x Noun ev Pronoun Gi
c‡i e‡m `ywU
Sentence †K mshy³ K‡i m¤cK© ¯’vcb K‡i, Zv‡K Relative Pronoun e‡j|
†hgbt
I know the man who came here. This is the house where we
live. This is the pen that I lost yesterday. This is the shirt which I
bought yesterday.
Relative
Pronoun Gi e¨envit
1. Who:
ïay e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
Who e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt
I
know the boy who is a good student.
2. Which: e¯‘,
BZi cÖvYx I †QvU wkïi †¶‡Î Singular/Plural Dfq †¶‡Î Which e‡m|
†hgbt Send
me the book which is new. The baby which is newly born is crying.
3. What: ïay
e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z What
e‡m| That + Which = what nq d‡j what †K Compound Relative
Pronoun e‡j| †hgbt
You say something. It is true. à What (That +
which) you say is truth.
I know it. You will say. à I know what (that
+ which) you will say.
Take back. the thing you gave me. à Take back what
you gave me.
4. That: e¨w³, e¯‘
ev cÖvYxi †ejvq e¨eüZ nq| That, who Gi KvRI K‡i| †hgbt
This is the boy. He lost his book. à This is the boy
that lost his book.
These are the books that have just
arrived.
That
Gi e¨envit
i) Superlative degree + Adjective / N + that
EX:
He is the best boy that I ever saw.
ii) All, the same, any, only + that.
Ex: All that glitters
is not gold. This is the same person that I met yesterday. Anybody that does not work cannot shine.
The only pen that I bought is lost.
iii) Who, what BZ¨vw`
Interrogative
Pronoun Gi ci That
e‡m| †hgbt
What is that to you? Who is the girl that sang well
yesterday?
iv) Negative Sentence
G That
e‡m| †hgbt
No person that is not industrious can
succeed.
v) Ordinal Numeral
Adjective Gi c‡i that e‡m|
†hgbt
Hazrat
Abu Barkr (R.) was the first man that had a firm (`„X) faith in Allah.
5. As: Such, the same,
as many, as much, as so BZ¨vw`i ci Noun em‡j Relative Pronoun
i“‡c As
e‡m| (Such, the same, as many, as much, as so + N + as)
†hgbt
We want such boys as are honest.
Such boys as are idle will lag behind.
Take as much food as you can eat.
He is not so clever as his brother.
6. But: GwU
GKwU
Negative kã|
Relative Pronoun wn‡m‡e Who + not ev which + not ev that + not A‡_©
e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt
There
is no man but (who + not) wishes to be happy.
There
is no mother but (who + not) loves her child.
4. Interrogative Pronoun: †h Pronoun Øviv
†Kv‡bv wKQz m¤c‡K© cÖkœ wRÁvm Kiv nq, Zv‡K Interrogative Pronoun e‡j| †hgbt Who, which, what,
whome etc.
Who are you? Whom do you want?
Which pen have you lost? What is your name?
Interrogative
Pronoun Gi e¨envit
i)
Who: ïay e¨w³i
†ejvq Awbw`©ófv‡e
who e‡m| †hgbt
Who is he? Who are coming now?
wewfbœ Case †f‡` who Gi
cÖKvi‡f`t
|
Nominative case
|
Objective Case
|
Possessive case
|
|
Who
|
Whom
|
Whose
|
Nominative: Who came here?
Objective: Whom do you want?
Possessive: Whose book is
this?
ii)
What:
e¯‘, e¨w³ ev †ckv eySv‡Z What e‡m| †hgbt
What is this? (e¯‘) What are you doing? (‡ckv)
What is your brother? (
†Zvgvi fvB Kx K‡ib?)
iii) Exclamatory
Sentence G Av‡eM cÖKvk Ki‡Z What e‡m| †hgbt What a nice bird
it is!
iv) BZ¨vw`
BZ¨vw` ev Av‡iv KZ wK †evSv‡Z What not e‡m| †hgbt
He bought pens, khatas, books and what
not.
v) †Kb
ev wK A‡_©
What for e‡m| †hgbt What is Comilla famous for?
3. Which: e¨w³,
e¯‘, †`k ev BZi cÖvYxi †¶‡Î Which e‡m| †hgbt Which are your
books? Which is your country? Which is your sister?
5. Distributive pronoun:
†h Pronoun
`yB ev `yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K c„_Kfv‡e eySvq,
Zv‡K Distributive
Pronoun e‡j| †hgbt each, either,
neither
Distributive pronoun Gi e¨envit
(a)
Each:
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K GK GK K‡i eySv‡Z Each e¨eüZ
nq| GUv wZb Ae¯’vq e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt
Each of the boys has got a
prize. The boys have got each
a prize. The boys have got two mangoes each.
(b) Either: `ywU
e¨w³ ev e¯‘i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU eySv‡Z
Either e‡m| †hgbt Either of
the two books will do.
(c) Neither: Either
Gi
Negative i“c nj Neither . `ywUi †KvbwUB
bq Gi“c eySv‡Z
Neither e‡m| †hgbt Neither of the two pens
is good.
Note: ïay
`ywU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i †¶‡Î
either I
neither e‡m| w`B‡qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i †¶‡Î Zv e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
†hgbt
Either (any n‡e) of these three
men can be appomted.
Neither (none n‡e) of his five
brothers is a Rawver.
6. Reflexive and emphatic pronoun: Reflex-
†cQ‡b †div |
Personal Pronoun Gi mv‡_ Self ev Selves
hy³ n‡q hLb Zv GKB
mv‡_
Subject Ges Object
†K wb‡`©k K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Reflexive
Pronoun e‡j|
†hgbt myself, ourselves,
yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves
Empatic Pronouns: Reflexive Pronoun
hLb †Kv‡bv Noun ev Pronoun Gi
c‡i e‡m D³ Noun
ev
Pronoun †K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges GKB mv‡_ Zv‡`i Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb K‡i, ZLb
Zv‡K Emphatic
Pronoun e‡j| †hgbt
I myself did the sum. They
themselves admitted their Fault.
Karim himself went there. My
mother herself cooks rice.
Reflexive and emphatic pronoun Gi e¨envit
Reflexive
I Emphatic Pronoun †`L‡Z
GKB iKg n‡jI Zv‡`i gv‡S wKQzUv cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|
a. Reflexive Pronoun
sentence G
Object iƒ‡c e‡m| Ab¨w`‡K, Emphatic Pronoun Subject Gi
Dci †Rvi ev ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
Reflexive
Pronoun: He
killed himself.
Emphatic
Pronoun:
She herself cooked food.
b.
Reflexive
Pronoun sentence †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv n‡j Sentence Gi
Aw¯—Z¡ nvwi‡q hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, Emphatic Pronoun sentence †_‡K
Avjv`v Kiv n‡j
Sentence Gi Aw¯—Z¡ nvivq bv|
Reflexive
Pronoun:
He killed himself. à He killed.
Emphatic
Pronoun: She
herself cooked food. à She cooked food.
Formation
of Reflaxive Pronoun
|
Person
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
First
|
Myself
|
Ourselves
|
|
Second
|
Thyself,
Yourslf
|
Yourselves
|
|
Third
|
Himself,
Herself, Itself
|
Themselves
|
Note: Reflexive Pronoun
KL‡bv sentence
G Subject
n‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgbt
Incorrect: Myself did
this Correct: I did this.
*** afford, relax, keep, rest,
stand, complain, feel, concentrate, wonder, take, bring etc. G‡`i c‡i Reflexive Pronoun
e‡m bv| †hgbt
Incorrect: He keeps himself
away from bad companies.
Correct: He keeps away
from bad companies.
Incorrect: I feel myself
unwell. Correct: I feel unwell.
7.
Indefinite Pronoun: †h Pronoun †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K Awbw`©ófv‡e eySvq, Zv‡K Indefinite Pronoun e‡j|
†hgbt
Some students will make the tools and
others will help.
Many of the students were present in the
meeting.
In our class everybody knows everybody.
Any of the pens will do.
One should do one's duty.
None of the poems are famous.
Somebody is coming here.
Indefinite
Pronoun Gi e¨envit
a.
Any:
Countable I
Uncountable Dfq Noun Gi cwie‡Z© Negative ,
Interrogative sentence G e‡m| †hgbt
I
did not fine any of them again.
I
gave you a lot of food yesterday; did you take any?
b.
Some:
Countable I
Uncountable Dfq Noun Gi cwie‡Z© Affirmative
Sentence G e‡m Ges Av‡`k ev Aby‡iva eySv‡Z I Interrogative
Sentence G
Some e‡m| †hgbt
Some
say that he is a rogue.
There
are many birds in Bangladesh; some are big some are small.
You
have a lot of matbles; Will you give me some?
c.
None:
None, Subject wn‡m‡e countable noun Gi
†¶Î Singular/Plural
Dfq †¶‡Î e‡m| †hgbt
None is/are happy in this world.
There
was none to look after him.
None
but the brave deserve the fair.
d.
Other/Others:
e¯‘i cwie‡Z© other Ges e¨w³i cwie‡Z©
others
e‡m| †hgbt
One
eye is complementary to the other.
Don't
take chance on others.
I
saw Kamal, Jamal and some others at the fair.
Man
can not live without others help.
e.
One/Ones:
Subject wn‡m‡e
One n‡j H
sentence G
Nominative I Objective case G One Ges Possessive case G One's e‡m|
†hgbt
One
Should do one's duty.
One
does not know when one will die.
One
must not boast of one's wealth.
f. One of: One of + Plural
Noun + singular verb
†hgbt One of the boys
has done the work.
"One
of" Subject wn‡m‡e _vK‡j Possessive case G his, her e‡m|
†hgbt
One of the students has done his homework.
g.
All:
e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cwie‡Z© Singular/Plural G
e‡m| †hgbt
All
of us are not ready to go. All that glitters
is not gold.
8 .Reciprocal pronoun: †h
Pronoun `yB ev `yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ cvi¯cwiK m¤c‡K© eySvq Zv‡K Reciprocal Pronoun e‡j| †hgbt each
other, one another
a. Each other:
`yB R‡bi g‡a¨ KvR eySv‡j Each
other e‡m| †hgbt The two boys are beathing each other. The two boys are fighting each other.
b.
One another:
`yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ cvi¯cwiK KvR eySv‡j One another e‡m|
†hgbt The
boys in the class love one another.
Practise
1. A king had three
daughters. He loved the daughters very dearly. Once the king put
to them some questions. “Oh my datling” said the man “tell myself
which is the better of the two, God’s gift or the king’s gift.” The eldest
daughter was very cunning. It knew how to please their father.
“Papa”, said the eldest. “God’s goft is good but hing’s gift is better.
The king was pleased with the eldest . He gave her marriage with the
ministers son. The second daughter was as cunning as her sister. Second one
knew what would please her father. So she gave the same answer as her sister.
The king was pleased with second one too.
Answer: A king had three
daughters. He loved them very
dearly. Once he put to them
some questions. “Oh my datling” said he
“tell me which is the better
of the two, God’s gift or the king’s gift.” The eldest daughter was very
cunning. She knew how to
please her father. “Papa”,
said she. “God’s goft is good
but hing’s gift is better. The king was pleased with her . He gave her marriage with the ministers son.
The second daughter was as cunning as her sister. She knew what would please her father. So she gave the same
answer as her sister. The king was pleased with her too.
2.
Abraham Adham was a powerful king. The king lived in a fine palace. Its bedroom
was well furnished. His bed was soft as well as neat and clean. Oneday he
ordered his maid servant to sweep his bedroom. While sweeping she saw it. Just
at the time the king came into there. He found that she was lying on it. He
grew very angry and began to whip her cruelly. The girl did not cry. She began
to laugh. The more it was whipped the more she laughed.
Answer: 2. Abraham Adham was a powerful
king. His lived in a fine
palace. His bedroom was well
furnished. His bed was soft as well as neat and clean. Oneday the king ordered his maid
servant to sweep his bedroom. While sweeping she saw the bed. Just at the time the king came into the room. He found that the maid was lying on his bed. He grew very angry and
began to whip the girl
cruelly. The maid servant did
not cry. She began to laugh. The more she
was whipped the more she laughed.
3. Books are man’s best companies in life.
One many have many good
friends but you may not get them when you need your friends. Yours
friends may not always speak to ones
with sympathy. One on two may prove false and do much harm. But these are always ready to be by theirs side. Some of them will make you laugh and
some books will give you much
pleasure. They are your real
friend throughout ones life.
Answer: Books are man’s best companies in life. You many have many good friends
but you may not get them when you need them.
They may not always speak to you with sympathy. One on two
may prove false and do much harm. But books
are always ready to be by your
side. Some books will make
you laugh and some other will
give you much pleasure. Books
are your real friend throughout your
life.
4. Selp help is the
best weapon to fight with every
difficulties. This is the key
to all success in life. You
should not depend on ones
help. Because the habit of depending on ones
is bed. It makes a person weak,
while self reliance strengthen the
man . Heaven helps the person
who help himself. One can learn swimming better by
his own exertion than by the use of bladder or cords.
Answer: Self help is the
best weapon to fight with all
difficulties. It is the key
to all success in life. One
should not depend on others
help. Because the habit of depending on others
is bed. This habit makes a
person weak, while self reliance strengthen him . Heaven helps those
who help themselves. A man can learn swimming better
by his own exertion than by the use of bladder or cords.
.webp)